Table 1 Study characteristics
Design details | Characteristics of study population | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population category | Author, publication year | Etiology | Country | Source population | Geographical locations | Data source (national, regional, local) | Sampling scheme; (response rate) | Female (%) | Age (years) | Race / ethnicity (%) |
General population-based | Castro, 2018 [33] | DED | Brazil | Brazilian adults aged ≥ 18 years selected from general urban population, from any labor activities, workplace environment, and socioeconomic status | Brazil—North, Northeast, Central-west, Southeast, South geopolitcal regions | Population-based epidemiological study (national) | Sampling scheme—cluster sampling by geopolitical region, consecutive enrollment; (77.7%) | 65.5 | Mean: 40.5 SD: 17.1 | n.r |
Graue-Hernandez, 2018 [41] | DED | Mexico | People aged ≥ 50 years in 39 municipalities | Tlaxcala, Mexico | Population-based epidemiological study (regional) | Sampling scheme—cluster sampling; (58.5%) | 59.6 | Mean: 64.7 SD: 10.6 | n.r | |
Working populations | Castellanos-Gonzalez, 2016 [28] | DED / MGD | Mexico | Surgical residents (physicians) of the surgical branches of the Specialty Hospital, Western National Medical Center | Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico | Single institution clinic or hospital-based study (local) | Sampling scheme—unspecified; (n.r.) | 27 | Mean: 27.8 SD: 2.1 | n.r |
Sanchez-Valerio, 2020 [30] | CVS | Mexico | Office workers at the Autonomous University of Puebla | Puebla, Mexico | Population-based epidemiological study (local) | Sampling scheme—unspecified; (n.r.) | 54.6 | Mean: 32.1 SD: 7.8 Range: 18 – 45 | n.r | |
Hernandez-Llamas, 2020 [29] | DED | Mexico | Office workers at Universidad de Monterrey (UDEM) rectory office and construction workers at a new UDEM campus module | Monterrey, Mexico | Single institution clinic or hospital-based study (local) | Sampling scheme-random sampling; (n.r.) | Construction workers 1.3 Office workers 70.3 | Construction workers Mean: 35.12 SD: 10.63 Office workers Mean: 33.03 SD: 9.77 | n.r | |
Student populations | Garza-Leon, 2016 [39] | DED | Mexico | All undergraduate and graduate students officially registered at University of Monterrey for the academic year 2014–2015 | Monterrey, Mexico | Single institution clinic or hospital-based study (local) | Other—voluntary response sampling; (95.7%) | 59.8 | Mean: 21.38 SD: 1.79 | n.r |
Cartes, 2021 [37] | CVS, DED | Chile | University students from different universities all over Chile who moved their classes online due to the COVID-19 pandemic | Nationwide, Chile | Population-based epidemiological study (national) | Sampling scheme—unspecified; (27.1%) | 65 | Mean: 21.1 SD: 2.7 | n.r | |
Garza-Leon, 2021 [40] | DED | Mexico | High school students from Medical Technical High School at Nuevo León Autonomous University | Monterrey, Mexico | Single institution clinic or hospital-based study (local) | Sampling scheme—non-probabalistic random sampling; (n.r.) | 55.7 | Mean: 16 SD: 0.96 | n.r | |
Hospital- and clinic-based populations | Skare, 2012 [32] | DED | Brazil | Pregnant patients in prenatal care at the Obstetrics Service and non-pregnant patients who had a gynecological appointment at the same hospital | Curitiba, Brazil | Single institution clinic or hospital-based study (local) | Sampling scheme—unspecified; (n.r.) | 100 | Pregnant Mean: 28.3 SD: 8.3; Non-pregnant Mean: 27.5 SD: 8.5 | n.r |
Martinez JD, 2016 [36] | DED/MGD | Mexico | All new patients age 16 to 85 who presented to the tertiary care outpatient clinic of a referral ophthalmology center (Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera) | Mexico City, Mexico | Single institution clinic or hospital-based study (local) | Sampling scheme -consecutive enrollment; (96.6%) | 55 | Mean: 45 SD: 16 | n.r | |
Garza-Leon, 2017 [35] | DED | Mexico | Patients who attended for the first time a public or private ophthalmology high specialty center with doctors who are members of the Mexican Group of Research in Visual Sciences | 19 states across Mexico | Multi-institution clinic or hospital-based study (national) | Sampling scheme -consecutive enrollment; (n.r.) | 59.4 | Mean: 50.0 SD: 17.68 | n.r | |
da Cruz, 2018 [34] | DED | Brazil | Dermatology and ophthalmology clinics of Universidade do Estado do Pará | Belém, Pará, Brazil | Single institution clinic or hospital-based study (local) | Sampling scheme—unspecified; (n.r.) | 48.8 | Mean: 47.9 SD: 14.6 | n.r | |
Surmacz, 2021 [31] | DED | Brazil | Adults who visited dermatology clinics for cosmetic reasons and treatment of superficial mycosis during the period of one year in a single Dermatological tertiary center | Curitiba, Brazil | Single institution clinic or hospital-based study (local) | Sampling scheme—convenience sampling; (n.r.) | 67.5 | Median: 42 IQR: 28 – 55 | Eurodescendant: 74.1; Afrodescendant: 25.9; Asiatic: 1.5 | |
De Freitas, 2021 [38] | DED | Brazil | Brazilian patients seen at a single university hospital with diabetes mellitus and controls without diabetes. DM patients were recruited from a single Endocrinology outpatient clinic of a university Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie de Curitiba, PR, Brazil hospital and controls from Dermatology Clinic seeking consultation for cosmetic reasons | Curitiba, Brazil | Single institution clinic or hospital-based study (local) | Sampling scheme—convenience sampling; (n.r.) | Diabetes patients 57.5 Controls 55 | Diabetes patients Median 59 IQR: 47.2 – 67.0 Controls Median 57 IQR 46.2 – 67.0 | n.r | |