Table 5 Prevalence of DED among possible risk factors
DED | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
NO | YES | |||
Sex | Male | 23.5% (12) | 76.5% (39) | . |
Female | 14.8% (33) | 85.2% (190) | 0.129 | |
Screen time | 1–3 h/ day | 30.8% (4) | 69.2% (9) | . |
3–5 h/ day | 22.9% (16) | 77.1% (54) | 0.092 | |
5–8 h/day | 14.4% (17) | 85.6% (101) | 0.433 | |
> 8 h/day | 11.0% (8) | 89.0% (65) | 0.141 | |
Study year | 1st year | 24.1% (7) | 75.9% (22) | . |
2nd year | 10.9% (5) | 89.1% (41) | 0.265 | |
3rd year | 11.7% (7) | 88.3% (53) | 0.260 | |
4th year | 16.3% (7) | 83.7% (36) | 0.978 | |
5th year | 21.1% (8) | 78.9% (30) | 0.407 | |
6th year | 19.0% (11) | 81.0% (47) | 0.556 | |
Risk factors | Yes | 18% (27) | 82.0% (123) | . |
No | 14.5% (18) | 85.5% (106) | 0.438 | |
Smoking | Yes | 27.5% (19) | 72.5% (50) | 0.004 |
No | 12.7% (26) | 87.3% (179) | . | |
Atopy | Yes | 10.0% (4) | 90% (36) | 0.235 |
No | 17.5% (41) | 82.5% (193) | ||
Contact lens wearers | Yes | 8.3% (3) | 91.7% (33) | 0.160 |
No | 17.6% (42) | 82.4% (196) | . | |
Oral contraceptives | Yes | 8.7% (2) | 91.3% (21) | 0.296 |
No | 17.1% (43) | 82.9% (208) | . | |
Autoimmune disease | Yes | 15.4% (2) | 84.6% (11) | 0.918 |
No | 16.5% (43) | 83.5% (218) | . | |
Vitamin A deficiency | Yes | 0% (0) | 100% (5) | 0.319 |
No | 16.7% (45) | 83.3% (224) | . | |
Isotretinoin treatment | Yes | 0% (0) | 100% (1) | 0.657 |
No | 16.5% (45) | 83.5% (228) | . | |
Congenital cataract | Yes | 0% (0) | 100% (1) | 0.657 |
No | 16.5% (45) | 83.5% (228) | . | |
Antimuscarinic treatment | Yes | 0% (0) | 100% (1) | . |
No | 16.5% (45) | 83.5% (228) | 0.657 | |
History of refractive surgery | Yes | 0% (0) | 100% (1) | 0.657 |
No | 16.5% (45) | 83.5% (228) | . | |
Keratoconus | Yes | 0% (0) | 100% (1) | 0.657 |
No | 16.5% (45) | 83.5% (228) | . | |