Table 2 Characteristics of participants in different quartiles of DII score, NHANES 2005–2008
Q1 (-3.82, -0.59) | Q2 (-0.39, 1.45) | Q3 (1.48, 2.99) | Q4 (3.09, 4.73) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Non-DR | DR | P | Total | Non-DR | DR | P | Total | Non-DR | DR | P | Total | Non-DR | DR | P | |
Number of subjects, N (%) | 38 (100) 594,544 (100) | 21 (55.26) 344,164 (57.89) | 17 (44.74) 250,381 (42.11) | - | 56 (100.00) 732,815 (100.00) | 29 (51.79) 387,939 (52.94) | 27 (48.21) 344,875 (47.06) | 63 (100.00) 774,824 (100.0) | 24 (38.10) 315,216 (40.68) | 39 (61.90) 459,608 (59.32) | - | 70 (100.00) 618,002 (100.00) | 36 (51.43) 324,177 (52.46) | 34 (48.57) 293,825 (47.54) | - | |
Age in years, mean (SD) | 56.60 (1.87) | 57.86 (2.92) | 54.87 (1.63) | 0.38 | 61.82 (1.71) | 61.26 (2.28) | 62.02 (2.53) | 0.82 | 60.39 (1.89) | 59.41 (2.93) | 61.06 (2.45) | 0.67 | 62.73 (1.78) | 64.77 (2.40) | 60.48 (2.56) | 0.23 |
Sex, N (%) | 0.32 | 0.60 | 0.19 | 0.76 | ||||||||||||
Female | 216,914 (36.48) | 94,743 (27.53) | 122,172 (48.79) | 277,236 (37.83) | 132,387 (34.13) | 144,849 (42) | 382,064 (49.31) | 195,352 (61.97) | 186,712 (40.62) | 448,404 (72.56) | 240,583 (74.21) | 207,821 (70.73) | ||||
Male | 377,630 (63.52) | 249,421 (72.47) | 128,209 (51.21) | 455,579 (62.17) | 255,553 (65.87) | 200,026 (58) | 392,760 (50.69) | 119,864 (38.03) | 272,896 (59.38) | 169,598 (27.44) | 83,594 (25.79) | 86,004 (29.27) | ||||
Race, N (%) | 0.72 | 0.16 | 0.55 | 0.24 | ||||||||||||
Mexican American | 89,262 (15.01) | 44,949 (13.06) | 44,314 (17.7) | 56,386 (7.69) | 34,683 (8.94) | 21,704 (6.29) | 84,363 (10.89) | 22,389 (7.10) | 61,974 (13.48) | 82,403 (13.33) | 32,061 (9.89) | 50,342 (17.13) | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | 413,551 (69.56) | 249,365 (72.46) | 164,187 (65.57) | 438,345 (59.82) | 283,335 (73.04) | 155,010 (44.95) | 484,883 (62.58) | 217,468 (68.99) | 267,415 (58.18) | 265,696 (42.99) | 164,441 (50.73) | 101,254 (34.46) | ||||
Non-Hispanic black | 59,621 (10.03) | 23,434 (6.81) | 36,187 (14.45) | 193,121 (26.35) | 64,341 (16.59) | 128,780 (37.34) | 186,167 (24.03) | 62,183 (19.73) | 123,984 (26.98) | 236,770 (38.31) | 104,998 (32.39) | 131,772 (44.85) | ||||
Other Hispanic | 13,284 (2.23) | 7591 (2.21) | 5693 (2.27) | 18,534 (2.53) | 5581 (1.44) | 12,953 (3.76) | 19,410 (2.51) | 13,175 (4.18) | 6235 (1.36) | 25,034 (4.05) | 22,678 (7.00) | 2357 (0.80) | ||||
Other race or multi-racial | 18,825 (3.17) | 18,825 (5.47) | 0 (0.00) | 26,428 (3.61) | 0 (0.00) | 26,428 (7.66) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 8100 (1.31) | 0 (0.00) | 8100 (2.76) | ||||
BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 33.60 (10.68) | 28.94 (8.49) | 35.43 (9.38) | < 0.01 | 29.66 (11.08) | 30.62 (12.28) | 29.22 (5.65) | 0.14 | 33.87 (11.49) | 31.31 (13.6) | 34.28 (11.49) | 0.56 | 31.54 (9.11) | 31.44 (9.21) | 33.63 (9.70) | 0.34 |
BMI, kg/m2, N (%) | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.70 | 0.86 | ||||||||||||
<25 | 64,134 (10.79) | 64,134 (18.63) | 0 (0.00) | 148,217 (20.23) | 101,916 (26.27) | 46,301 (13.43) | 99,516 (12.84) | 50,710 (16.09) | 48,807 (10.62) | 94,447 (15.28) | 40,763 (12.57) | 53,684 (18.27) | ||||
25-<30 | 160,336 (26.97) | 127,911 (37.17) | 32,425 (12.95) | 259,161 (35.37) | 85,183 (21.96) | 173,978 (50.45) | 121,591 (15.69) | 35,268 (11.19) | 86,322 (18.78) | 165,441 (26.77) | 92,928 (28.67) | 72,512 (24.68) | ||||
>=30 | 370,075 (62.25) | 152,119 (44.20) | 217,955 (87.05) | 325,437 (44.41) | 200,841 (51.77) | 124,597 (36.13) | 553,717 (71.46) | 229,238 (72.72) | 324,479 (70.6) | 358,115 (57.95) | 190,486 (58.76) | 167,629 (57.05) | ||||
HbA1c, median (IQR) | 7.20 (2.00) | 7.00 (1.80) | 9.50 (3.60) | < 0.05 | 7.30 (2.30) | 6.80 (1.40) | 8.20 (2.90) | < 0.05 | 6.80 (1.30) | 6.70 (1.00) | 7.36 (2.00) | < 0.01 | 7.10 (1.70) | 6.60 (1.00) | 8.10 (2.00) | < 0.01 |
Current smoking status, N (%) | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.72 | 0.84 | ||||||||||||
Non-smoking | 560,511 (94.28) | 315,476 (91.66) | 245,036 (97.87) | 621,119 (84.76) | 295,462 (76.16) | 325,657 (94.43) | 694,568 (89.64) | 288,285 (91.46) | 406,284 (88.4) | 441,051 (71.37) | 227,304 (70.12) | 213,748 (72.75) | ||||
Smoking | 34,033 (5.72) | 28,688 (8.34) | 5345 (2.13) | 111,696 (15.24) | 92,478 (23.84) | 19,218 (5.57) | 80,255 (10.36) | 26,931 (8.54) | 53,324 (11.6) | 176,951 (28.63) | 96,874 (29.88) | 80,077 (27.25) | ||||
Hypertension, N (%) | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.09 | 0.73 | ||||||||||||
No | 263,707 (44.35) | 164,541 (47.81) | 99,166 (39.61) | 191,772 (26.17) | 91,842 (23.67) | 99,930 (28.98) | 175,694 (22.68) | 33,972 (10.78) | 141,722 (30.84) | 156,281 (25.29) | 88,664 (27.35) | 67,617 (23.01) | ||||
Yes | 330,837 (55.65) | 179,623 (52.19) | 151,214 (60.39) | 541,043 (73.83) | 296,098 (76.33) | 244,945 (71.02) | 599,130 (77.32) | 281,244 (89.22) | 317,886 (69.16) | 461,722 (74.71) | 235,514 (72.65) | 226,208 (76.99) | ||||
Diabetes duration, years, median (IQR) | 10.00 (13.00) | 6.00 (14.18) | 10.00 (6.00) | 0.66 | 14.00 (13.00) | 8.38 (10.00) | 20.00 (20.00) | < 0.01 | 11.87 (14.50) | 3.00 (8.11) | 14.00 (11.00) | < 0.01 | 10.00 (13.00) | 7.00 (14.00) | 13.00 (7.00) | < 0.05 |
DII, mean (SD) | -1.50 (0.25) | -1.74 (0.37) | -1.18 (0.14) | 0.16 | 0.64 (0.09) | 0.69 (0.14) | 0.59 (0.11) | 0.57 | 2.13 (0.08) | 2.11 (0.11) | 2.12 (0.11) | 0.86 | 3.78 (0.06) | 3.74 (0.09) | 3.82 (0.09) | 0.50 |
Energy, median (IQR) | 2374 (1449) | 1933 (1528) | 3065 (1310) | 0.59 | 1853.54 (725) | 1850 (555) | 2106 (832) | 0.39 | 1589 (760) | 1979 (947) | 1531 (535) | 0.99 | 1125 (829) | 1172 (828) | 1011 (572) | 0.36 |