Skip to main content
Download PDF

Schnyder corneal dystrophy and associated phenotypes caused by novel and recurrent mutations in the UBIAD1 gene

BMC Ophthalmology volume 18, Article number: 250 (2018) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The purpose of this study was to identify the genetic cause and describe the clinical phenotype of Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD) in six unrelated probands.

Methods

We identified two white Czech, two white British and two South Asian families with a clinical diagnosis of SCD. Ophthalmic assessment included spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) of one individual with advanced disease, and SD-OCT and confocal microscopy of a child with early stages of disease. UBIAD1 coding exons were amplified and Sanger sequenced in each proband. A fasting serum lipid profile was measured in three probands. Paternity testing was performed in one family.

Results

A novel heterozygous c.527G>A; p.(Gly176Glu) mutation in UBIAD1 was identified in one Czech proband. In the second Czech proband, aged 6 years when first examined, a previously described de novo heterozygous c.289G>A; p.(Ala97Thr) mutation was found. Two probands of South Asian descent carried a known c.305G>A; p.(Asn102Ser) mutation in the heterozygous state. Previously reported heterozygous c.361C>T; p.(Leu121Phe) and c.308C>T; p.(Thr103Ile) mutations were found in two white British families. Although crystalline deposits were present in all probands the affected area was small in some individuals. Corneal arcus and stromal haze were the most prominent phenotypical feature in two probands. In the Czech probands, SD-OCT confirmed accumulation of reflective material in the anterior stroma. Crystalline deposits were visualized by confocal microscopy. Mild dyslipidemia was found in all three individuals tested.

Conclusion

Although de novo occurrence of mutations in UBIAD1 is extremely rare, SCD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bilateral corneal haze and/or crystal deposition, especially in children.

Peer Review reports

Background

Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD; MIM #121800) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by bilateral corneal opacification due to an accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and phospholipids in the corneal stroma [1]. Approximately 50% of individuals have crystalline deposits [2]. An association with genu valgum and systemic hyperlipidemia has also been reported [3].

SCD is caused by mutations in the UBIAD1 gene (MIM *611632), encoding a membrane-embedded UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein which catalyses the Mg2+-dependent transfer of a hydrophobic polyprenyl chain onto a variety of acceptor molecules, including vitamin K and coenzyme Q [1, 4, 5]. At least 26 mutations that cause SCD have been identified to date [6].

In this study we report the clinical and genetic investigation of six probands of white and South Asian origin.

Methods

Clinical examination

The study was approved by the relevant research ethics committees and adhered to the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration. Previously unreported probands from six families with a clinical diagnosis of SCD were investigated; two were recruited in the Czech Republic and four in the UK (Table 1). Family history of SCD was documented and available family members were invited to participate.

Table 1 Demographic and clinical data of six probands with Schnyder corneal dystrophy
Full size table

Ophthalmic examination included best corrected Snellen visual acuity (BCVA) converted to decimal values, intraocular pressure, and fundal examination after pupil dilation. We performed corneal imaging of probands 1 and 2 using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) (Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering GmbH). Proband 2 also underwent scanning slit confocal microscopy equipped with a non-applanating 40× immersion objective lens (Confoscan 3.0; Nidek Technologies, Viconza, Italy) [7].

We measured the fasting serum lipid profile of three probands and recorded the levels of total cholesterol, high and low-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides. The presence of joint deformity, scoliosis or learning difficulty was based on self-reported symptoms.

Molecular genetic analysis

Genomic DNA from probands and any additional available family members was extracted from venous blood samples using a Gentra Puregene blood kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) or from saliva using an Oragene kit (Oragene OG-300, DNA Genotek, Canada). We then performed PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing of the two UBIAD1 coding exons and exon/intron boundaries (primer sequences and conditions are listed in Table 2). Variants were annotated against the reference sequence for transcript NM_013319.2. Mutation description followed standard nomenclature guidelines (http://varnomen.hgvs.org/) starting with nucleotide numbering c.1 at the A of the ATG translation initiation codon. Pathogenicity was evaluated in silico by six different algorithms (PROVEAN [8], SNPs&GO [9], MutPred [10], SIFT [11], PolyPhen-2 [12] and MutationTaster [13]). We also performed paternity testing in family 2, using a previously published set of markers [14]. The population frequency of variants was determined by the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), which provides sequencing data from more than 123,136 exomes and 15,496 genomes from unrelated individuals of various ethnic backgrounds [15], and 2500 Czech control chromosomes available through the next generation sequencing projects of the Czech National Center for Medical Genomics (https://ncmg.cz/en).

Table 2 Primer sequences and condition used for PCR and Sanger sequencing of UBIAD1 gene
Full size table

Results

Clinical, demographic and genotype data for all six probands are summarized in Table 1. There was no family history of SCD in two pedigrees; however, in family 3 the disease status of the proband’s mother was unavailable. The corneal phenotypes were diverse and included anterior and mid-stromal crystalline deposits, diffuse stromal haze and arcus lipoides (Fig. 1). There was an incremental accumulation of corneal deposits with age, and the corneal changes were symmetric in all individuals. There were corneal crystals in all probands, although these deposits were minimal in some individuals (Fig. 1 g, h). Corneal crystals were present at slit lamp examination of proband 2 at age 6 years, but neither parent had signs of corneal disease. The patient was re-examined at the age 8 years, when an increase in the corneal crystals was noted (Fig. 1b), but the visual acuity had remained unchanged (Table 1).

Fig. 1
figure1

Corneal phenotype observed in five probands with Schnyder corneal dystrophy. Ring of prominent superficial crystalline deposits in proband 1 aged 36 years (a), also documented by SD-OCT as a discontinuous hyper-reflective line beneath the epithelium and within the anterior corneal stroma (b). Discrete crystalline deposits in proband 2 aged 8 years (c) and more scattered opacities on SD-OCT (d). Central mid-stromal crystalline deposits in proband 3 aged 10 years (e). Diffuse stromal haze with prominent arcus in proband 4 aged 54 years (f, g) and proband 5 aged 37 years (h). Corneal crystals (arrows) were present in all probands, although in proband 2 they were a minor feature (b), corresponding to an early stage of the disease, and in probands 4 and 5 (g, h) they were present in only a very small area (arrows). All images show findings in the right eye

Full size image

Corneal imaging highlighted the presence of crystals. With SD-OCT there were highly reflective deposits in the anterior stroma of probands 1 and 2 (Fig. 1c, d), with confocal microscopy there were bright reflective crystalline deposits identified in the anterior stroma of proband 2 (Fig. 2e). On confocal microscopy small round deposits were also identified in the superficial epithelial cells (Fig. 2a), in and around anterior stromal keratocytes (Fig. 2d) and in mid-stroma (Fig. 2f). The basal epithelial cells, sub-epithelial nerves, posterior stroma and corneal endothelium all appeared normal (Fig. 2b, c, g, h).

Fig. 2
figure2

Corneal confocal microscopy imaging in an 8-year old child with Schnyder corneal dystrophy. Superficial epithelial cells with small round hyperreflective deposits (arrows) in the left eye (a). Normal appearance of the basal epithelial cell layer (b), and subepithelial nerve plexus in the right eye (c). Hyper-reflective deposits within and around keratocytes (arrows) (d) and needle-shaped crystals in anterior stroma of the left eye (e). Hyper-reflective deposits in mid-stroma in the left eye (f), but with unaffected posterior stroma (g) and endothelium in the left eye (h)

Full size image

Coexisting systemic disease was present in some probands. Proband 5 and her affected sister both had bilateral knee deformities, although their affected mother was normal (Fig. 3). In proband 1 a fasting lipid profile showed high levels of total cholesterol (5.72 mmol/l; normal values in adults < 5.17 mmol/l) [16] and in probands 2 and 3 there was a borderline elevation of total cholesterol to 4.89 mmol/l and 5.00 mmol/l, respectively (normal values in children < 4.40 mmol/l) [17].

Fig. 3
figure3

Pedigrees of the six families with Schnyder corneal dystrophy. Sequence electropherograms of the identified heterozygous mutations in UBIAD1 are also shown. The mutation arose de novo in family 2. Probands are indicated by an arrow and examined individuals by an asterisk. Mutation status in tested subjects is shown +/− for those who are heterozygous for a mutation in UBIAD1 and −/− for those who do not carry the pathogenic variant. Individuals known to be affected by Schnyder corneal dystrophy are shown in black, whereas a question mark indicates that the disease status of the individual was unknown

Full size image

A novel c.527G>A; p.(Gly176Glu) variant, predicted to be pathogenic or probably pathogenic by all six bioinformatic tools (Table 3), was identified in proband 1 of Czech origin. The amino acid residue Gly-176 is highly conserved and located in the transmembrane domain of UBIAD1, therefore a mutation is likely to disrupt the transmembrane helices and active site [18]. Czech proband 2 harboured a known UBIAD1 c.289G>A; p.(Ala97Thr) mutation. This variant was absent in both parents, suggesting a de novo origin that was confirmed by paternity testing. The white British probands had previously reported mutations c.361C>T; p.(Leu121Phe) [19] and c.308C>T; p.(Thr103Ile) [6]. Two reportedly unrelated British families of South Asian origin, both harboured a known c.305G>A; p.(Asn102Ser) mutation [19,20,21]. Pedigrees and segregation of the respective heterozygous UBIAD1 mutations are shown in Fig. 3. None of the UBIAD1 pathogenic changes found in the current study were observed in the gnomAD dataset or in the Czech control population. All of the in silico algorithms predicted that the detected mutations were pathogenic or likely pathogenic, except for SNP&GO prediction for previously reported variant c.361C>T; p.(Leu121Phe) [19] (Table 3).

Table 3 In silico analysis of UBIAD1 missense variants identified in patients with Schnyder corneal dystrophy in the current study
Full size table

Discussion

In this study we report the phenotype and genotype of six families with SCD. Five different UBIAD1 mutations were identified in a heterozygous state, of which one, c.527G>A; p.(Gly176Glu), was novel. The youngest proband was found to harbour a de novo c.289G>A; p.(Ala97Thr) mutation, previously identified in an Irish-French family [18]. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second observation of a spontaneously occurring mutation in an SCD patient [6]. The family history provided by proband 3 also indicated possible de novo occurrence of the identified mutation, but unfortunately this could not be confirmed as parental DNA samples were unavailable.

The c.305G>A; p.(Asn102Ser) mutation, identified in two South Asian probands, is the most frequently occurring UBIAD1 mutation. It has been reported in several populations including the Czech Republic, Poland, Taiwan and China, supporting the hypothesis that it is a mutation hotspot [19,20,21,22]. One white British proband had a c.361C>T; p.(Leu121Phe) mutation, previously observed in three SCD families from the UK, America and Saudi Arabia [19, 23]. The c.308C>T; p.(Thr103Ile) mutation, detected in one white British individual, has previously been described in a proband of Japanese-European descent [6].

The clinical course of SCD is associated with characteristic corneal opacities that increase with age. Initially, central corneal haze and/or crystals are present; this was observed in our youngest proband, who was 6 years old when first examined. Arcus lipoides typically develops in the third decade, followed by mid-peripheral corneal haze in the late fourth decade [24], as documented in the current case series (probands 1, 4–5). Corneal crystals are present in approximately 50% of patients with SCD [2]. Interestingly, crystals were found in all six of our probands, although in two probands the area of crystal deposit was very small. However, the number of individuals we examined is relatively low compared with prior studies [2].

Confocal microscopy has previously been performed in two children with SCD, both at a similar age as our proband 2 [25]. Our findings corroborate observations of accumulation of crystal/reflective material in anterior stroma, both intra- and extracellularly. Interestingly, unlike the previous study, subepithelial nerves appeared normal and we were able to detect tiny reflective deposits in the corneal epithelium. Electron microscopy of corneas with SCD has also documented lipid accumulation inside epithelial cells [26, 27].

The differential diagnosis of crystalline corneal deposition includes monoclonal gammopathy and cystinosis. These conditions should be considered in any individual with corneal crystals who does not have a family history of SCD. Laboratory investigation should be guided by the presence of associated symptoms and patient age.

Dyslipidemia and genu valgum have been reported to be associated with SCD [3, 28]. Three of the six probands in this study had fasting serum lipid testing. Total cholesterol was elevated in one proband and borderline levels were found in the other two probands. Self-reported knee deformities were only present in proband 5 and her sister, although their mother was not affected, which may indicate that other genetic or environmental factors influence the expression of this trait.

Conclusions

SCD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any unexplained corneal haze and/or crystal deposition, even in the absence of a family history of corneal disease.

Abbreviations

BCVA:

Best corrected visual acuity

gnomAD:

Genome Aggregation Database

MIM:

Mendelian Inheritance in Man

SCD:

Schnyder corneal dystrophy

UBIAD1 :

UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein

References

  1. 1.

    Weiss JS, Kruth HS, Kuivaniemi H, Tromp G, White PS, Winters RS, et al. Mutations in the UBIAD1 gene on chromosome short arm 1, region 36, cause Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:5007–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. 2.

    Weiss JS, Moller HU, Aldave AJ, Seitz B, Bredrup C, Kivelä T, et al. IC3D classification of corneal dystrophies--edition 2. Cornea. 2015;34:117–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. 3.

    Hoang-Xuan T, Pouliquen Y, Gasteau J. Schnyder's crystalline dystrophy. II. Association with genu valgum. J Fr Ophtalmol. 1985;8:743–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. 4.

    Orr A, Dube MP, Marcadier J, Jiang H, Federico A, George S, et al. Mutations in the UBIAD1 gene, encoding a potential prenyltransferase, are causal for Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy. PLoS One. 2007;2:e685.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. 5.

    Li W. Bringing bioactive compounds into membranes: the UbiA superfamily of intramembrane aromatic prenyltransferases. Trends Biochem Sci. 2016;41:356–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. 6.

    Lin BR, Frausto RF, Vo RC, Chiu SY, Chen JL, Aldave AJ. Identification of the first de novo UBIAD1 gene mutation associated with Schnyder corneal dystrophy. J Ophthalmol. 2016;2016:1968493.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. 7.

    Mahelkova G, Filous A, Odehnal M, Cendelin J. Corneal changes assessed using confocal microscopy in patient with unilateral buphthalmos. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:4048–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. 8.

    Choi Y, Sims GE, Murphy S, Miller JR, Chan AP. Predicting the functional effect of amino acid substitutions and indels. PLoS One. 2012;7:e46688.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. 9.

    Calabrese R, Capriotti E, Fariselli P, Martelli PL, Casadio R. Functional annotations improve the predictive score of human disease-related mutations in proteins. Hum Mutat. 2009;30:1237–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. 10.

    Li B, Krishnan VG, Mort ME, Xin F, Kamati KK, Cooper DN, et al. Automated inference of molecular mechanisms of disease from amino acid substitutions. Bioinformatics. 2009;25:2744–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. 11.

    Kumar P, Henikoff S, Ng PC. Predicting the effects of coding non-synonymous variants on protein function using the SIFT algorithm. Nat Protoc. 2009;4:1073–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. 12.

    Adzhubei IA, Schmidt S, Peshkin L, Ramensky VE, Gerasimova A, Bork P, et al. A method and server for predicting damaging missense mutations. Nat Methods. 2010;7:248–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. 13.

    Schwarz JM, Rodelsperger C, Schuelke M, Seelow D. MutationTaster evaluates disease-causing potential of sequence alterations. Nat Methods. 2010;7:575–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. 14.

    Evans CJ, Liskova P, Dudakova L, Hrabcikova P, Horinek A, Jirsova K, et al. Identification of six novel mutation in ZEB1 and description of the associated phenotypes in patients with posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 3. Ann Hum Genet. 2015;79:1–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. 15.

    Lek M, Karczewski KJ, Minikel EV, Samocha KE, Banks E, Fennell T, et al. Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans. Nature. 2016;536:285–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. 16.

    Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. 17.

    American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on nutrition. Cholesterol in childhood. Pediatrics. 1998;101:141–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. 18.

    Nickerson ML, Bosley AD, Weiss JS, Kostiha BN, Hirota Y, Brandt W, et al. The UBIAD1 prenyltransferase links menaquinone-4 [corrected] synthesis to cholesterol metabolic enzymes. Hum Mutat. 2013;34:317–29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. 19.

    Weiss JS, Kruth HS, Kuivaniemi H, Tromp G, Karkera J, Mahurkar S, et al. Genetic analysis of 14 families with Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy reveals clues to UBIAD1 protein function. Am J Med Genet A. 2008;146A:271–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. 20.

    Du C, Li Y, Dai L, Gong L, Han C. A mutation in the UBIAD1 gene in a Han Chinese family with Schnyder corneal dystrophy. Mol Vis. 2011;17:2685–92.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. 21.

    Nickerson ML, Kostiha BN, Brandt W, Fredericks W, Xu KP, Yu FS, et al. UBIAD1 mutation alters a mitochondrial prenyltransferase to cause Schnyder corneal dystrophy. PLoS One. 2010;5:e10760.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. 22.

    Nowinska AK, Wylegala E, Teper S, Lyssek-Boron A, Aragona P, Roszkowska AM, et al. Phenotype-genotype correlation in patients with Schnyder corneal dystrophy. Cornea. 2014;33:497–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. 23.

    Al-Ghadeer H, Mohamed JY, Khan AO. Schnyder corneal dystrophy in a Saudi Arabian family with heterozygous UBIAD1 mutation (p.L121F). Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2011;18:61–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. 24.

    Weiss JS, Khemichian AJ. Differential diagnosis of Schnyder corneal dystrophy. Dev Ophthalmol. 2011;48:67–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. 25.

    Vesaluoma MH, Linna TU, Sankila EM, Weiss JS, Tervo TM. In vivo confocal microscopy of a family with Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:944–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. 26.

    Rodrigues MM, Kruth HS, Krachmer JH, Willis R. Unesterified cholesterol in Schnyder’s corneal crystalline dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;104:157–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. 27.

    Rodrigues MM, Kruth HS, Krachmer JH, et al. Cholesterol localization in ultrathin frozen sections in Schnyder’s corneal crystalline dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;110:513–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. 28.

    Kohnen T, Pelton RW, Jones DB. Schnyder corneal dystrophy and juvenile, systemic hypercholesteremia. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1997;211:135–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank The Czech National Center for Medical Genomics (https://ncmg.cz/en) (LM2015091) for providing ethnically matched population frequency data (project CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001634).

Funding

This work was supported by UNCE 204064 and PROGRES-Q26/LF1 programs of the Charles University, Fight for Sight, Moorfields Eye Charity, Rosetrees Trust, and the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre based at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology. PS was supported by GAUK 250361/2017, SVV 260367/2017 and PROGRES Q25/LF1/2. GM was supported by MH CZ – DRO, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic 00064203. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. This work was performed within the framework of ERN-EYE.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Cerys J. Evans and Lubica Dudakova contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations

  1. UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK

    Cerys J. Evans & Alison J. Hardcastle

  2. Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08, Prague 2, Czech Republic

    Lubica Dudakova, Pavlina Skalicka & Petra Liskova

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

    Pavlina Skalicka & Petra Liskova

  4. Department of Ophthalmology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

    Gabriela Mahelkova

  5. 3rd Department of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

    Ales Horinek

  6. Institute of Biology and Human Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

    Ales Horinek

  7. Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK

    Stephen J. Tuft

Authors
  1. Cerys J. Evans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lubica Dudakova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pavlina Skalicka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Gabriela Mahelkova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ales Horinek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Alison J. Hardcastle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Stephen J. Tuft
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Petra Liskova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

CJE and LD provided molecular genetic analysis, paternity testing was done by AH. PS, GM, SJT and PL contributed in clinical data collection and analysis AJH, SJT and PL contributed to study design and writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Petra Liskova.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was approved by the Ethics committee of the General University Hospital in Prague (reference no. 151/11 S-IV) or Moorfields Eye Hospital (REC references 13/LO/1084 and 09/H0724/25). Written consent was obtained from all participants or their parents/legal guardians before inclusion.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Evans, C.J., Dudakova, L., Skalicka, P. et al. Schnyder corneal dystrophy and associated phenotypes caused by novel and recurrent mutations in the UBIAD1 gene. BMC Ophthalmol 18, 250 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-018-0918-8

Download citation

Keywords

  • Schnyder corneal dystrophy
  • UBIAD1
  • Novel mutation
  • De novo
  • Crystalline deposits
  • Confocal microscopy
  • Spectral domain optical coherence tomography

BMC Ophthalmology

ISSN: 1471-2415

Contact us